Effects of Temperature and Pressure Conditions on the Quantity and Quality of Bio-Oil Produced from Pyrolysis of Biomass Material: A Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.38208/jret.v1.876Keywords:
Biomass pyrolysis;, Bio-oil;, Temperature;, Pressure;, Properties.Abstract
The pyrolysis process of biomass results in bio-oil which functions as a sustainable renewable fuel that can substitute for traditional fossil fuel resources. The research presents current findings about temperature and pressure effects on bio-oil manufacturing and its physical and chemical characteristics through new quantitative results from recent investigations. The amount of moisture in the system reduces the production of liquid products because the condensable organic compounds decrease from 19.6 wt.% to 15.2 wt.% when the moisture content rises from 2.7 wt.% to 10 wt.%. The process requires feedstock drying to reach moisture levels that stay under 10 wt.%. The optimal pyrolysis temperatures between 450–550°C produce the highest liquid yields between 45–75 wt.% from lignocellulosic and mixed biomasses which results in better bio-oil quality because of lower oxygen levels (from 42 to 28 wt.%) and lower water content (from 20-25 to 7–10 wt.%) and higher HHV values which increase from 18 to 25–30 MJ.kg?¹ because of better dehydration and decarboxylation reactions. The characteristics of bio-oil become more stable and energy dense when pressure conditions reach 0.5-2 MPa because this leads to decreased oxygenate and moisture content, which results in higher HHV values from 27.8 to 31.4 MJ.kg?¹ and prevents viscosity increase through polymerization. The vacuum conditions help to enhance aromatic compounds while protecting them from additional cracking that results in decreased overall production levels. The process has shown progress, but it still faces major challenges because bio-oils show unstable properties, and their high oxygen content and acidic nature make them difficult to apply in various industries. Research in the future needs to concentrate on developing complete process enhancement systems which combine catalytic upgrading with hydrogen-assisted or pressured pyrolysis and machine learning prediction systems and renewable thermal energy sources and waste heat recovery systems.
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